![]() If it identifies errors in the execution of driver code, it proactively creates an exception to allow that part of the driver code to be further scrutinized. For example, Driver Verifier checks the use of memory resources, such as memory pools. Driver Verifierĭriver Verifier is a tool that runs in real time to examine the behavior of drivers. Use !memusage and to examine the general state of the system memory. Use the command lm t n to list modules that are loaded in the memory. Use the u, ub, uu (unassemble) commands to look at the code in the address which referenced the memory in parameter 4. Use the display memory commands to examine the memory referenced in command in parameter 1. Use !address and the advanced !pte command to learn more about this area of memory. Use !pool on the parameter 1 address to see whether it is paged pool. Also examine the !analyze output to see if faulting code is identified. Use ln (list nearest symbols) with parameter 4 to see the name of the function that was called. In the majority of cases of this type of bug check, the issue is not the IRQL level, but rather the memory that is being accessed.īecause this bug check is usually caused by drivers that have used improper memory addresses, use parameters 1, 3, and 4 to investigate further. The following example is output from !analyze.ĭebugger saved IRQL for processor 0x0 - 2 (DISPATCH_LEVEL) The !analyze debugger extension displays information about the bug check and can be helpful in determining the root cause. Does not call any other inline functions that could be paged out.If the problem is caused by the driver that you are developing, make sure that the function that was executing at the time of the bug check is: The function was called by using a function pointer that was an invalid pointer.įor more information on Windows IRQLs, see Windows Internals 7th Edition Part 1 by Pavel Yosifovich, Mark E. The function call was made to a function in another driver, and that driver was unloaded. The function was marked as pageable and was running at an elevated IRQL (which includes obtaining a lock). Possible causes for the page fault include the following events: This bug check is usually caused by drivers that have used improper memory addresses. You can use dx (display debugger object model expression), a debugger command, to display this: dx KiBugCheckDriver. If a driver that is responsible for the error can be identified, its name is printed on the blue screen and stored in memory at the location (PUNICODE_STRING) KiBugCheckDriver. ![]() This can be caused by:ĭereferencing a bad pointer (such as a NULL or freed pointer) while executing at or above DISPATCH_LEVEL.Īccessing pageable data at or above DISPATCH_LEVEL.Įxecuting pageable code at or above DISPATCH_LEVEL. Typically, when this error occurs, a driver has tried to access an address that is pageable (or that is completely invalid) while the interrupt request level (IRQL) was too high. To determine the cause requires the Windows debugger, programming experience and access to the source code for the faulting module. Use ln (list nearest symbols) on this address to see the name of the function. DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL parameters ParameterĪddress that referenced memory. If you're a customer who has received a blue screen error code while using your computer, see Troubleshoot blue screen errors. This indicates that a kernel-mode driver attempted to access pageable memory while the process IRQL that was too high. The DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL bug check has a value of 0x000000D1. ![]() Bug Check 0xD1: DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL
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